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NAPOLEONIC WARS: WAR OF SPANISH INDEPENDENCE (1808–1814)
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Spain initially sided against France in the Napoleonic Wars, but the defeat of her army early in the war led to Charles IV's pragmatic decision to align with the revolutionary French. Spain was put under a British blockade, and her colonies for the f... |
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ENLIGHTENMENT: SPAIN UNDER THE BOURBONS (18TH CENTURY)
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Philip V was the first Bourbon king, of French origin. Concern among other European powers that Spain and France united under a single Bourbon monarch would upset the balance of power led to the War of Spanish Succession between 1701 and 1714. It pit... |
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THE GOLDEN AGE (SIGLO DE ORO)
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The Spanish Golden Age (in Spanish, Siglo de Oro) was a period of flourishing arts and letters in the Spanish Empire (now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs (Phi... |
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SPANISH KINGDOMS UNDER THE HABSBURGS (16TH–17TH CENTURIES)
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Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries reached its height and declined under the Habsburgs. The Spanish Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe under Charles I of Spain, as he was also Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Emp... |
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IMPERIAL SPAIN
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The Spanish Empire was one of the first modern global empires. It was also one of the largest empires in world history. In the 16th century Spain and Portugal were in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion and the opening ... |
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THE SPANISH LANGUAGE AND UNIVERSITIES
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In the 13th century, there were many languages spoken in the Christian sections of what is now Spain, among them Castilian, Aragonese, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Aranese, Asturian and Leonese. But throughout the century, Castilian (what is also known... |
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DYNASTIC UNION IN SPAIN
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As the Reconquista continued, Christian kingdoms and principalities developed. By the 15th century, the most important among these were the Kingdom of Castile (occupying a northern and central portion of the Iberian Peninsula) and the Kingdom of Arag... |
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MUSLIM ERA AL-ANDALUS (8TH 15TH CENTURIES)
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The Arab Islamic conquest dominated most of North Africa by 640 AD. In 711 an Islamic Arab and Berber raiding party, led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad, was sent to Iberia to intervene in a civil war in the Visigothic Kingdom. Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, t... |
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GERMANIC OCCUPATION OF HISPANIA (5TH–8TH CENTURIES)
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After the decline of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes invaded the former empire. Several turned sedentary and created successor-kingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe. Iberia was taken over by the Visigoths after 410.In the Iberian penins... |
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ROMAN HISPANIA
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Hispania was divided: Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic; and, during the Roman Empire, Hispania Taraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south (roughly corresponding to Andalucia), and Lusitania in t... |
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